CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHADOLOGY
1.1 Introduction
The study method can be defined as the procedure pursued by the researcher to achieve the objectives and aims of a planned study. It is often used to provide the basis for a series of rational actions that need to be made to determine if the study is to be carried out. In turn, the analysis approach will define a number of key elements that the researcher has to solve in order to make advances in their research, including conclusions on the general approach to science, the techniques to be used for collection of data and the technique to be used for statistical analysis (Collis & Hussey, 2009).
The aim of this chapter is to examine the methods adopted in this research in order to attain the intended results that the study aims to achieve with reference to empowerment perspectives for Bahraini women as entrepreneurs. The key focus of this study is to measure the impact of fintech in developing enterprnurship. More specifically, this chapter presents the research methodology, conceptual framework, research hypothesis, discussing the research design, data types and sources, population and sample, data collection technique, data analysis and interpretation, the design of the study survey and the chapter conclusion.
1.2 Research Methods
This section of the study focuses on the techniques used to interpret the data obtained from the questionnaires. Analysis variables adopted have been evaluated using different statistical approaches. The survey intended for this analysis consists of closed questions. The design of the survey was constructed in four sections; two sections are dedicated to the demographic of the respondent and the other two to the study attributes chosen for the survey. Likert – type scale has been used to evaluate each variable-related query. A survey was circulated to women entrepreneurs in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Following the collection of the appropriate number of answers, various statistical methods were used to evaluate the data obtained from the survey.
The SPSS have been used to perform various tests on the data obtained. The regression model was used to test the study hypothesis and path analysis test was used to examine the relationship between demographic results with study variables. Reliability study was conducted to test the degree of compatibility and accuracy of the measure. If the same outcomes occur in the same repeated conditions, the test is said to be accurate (Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2009). This section provides an in-depth explanation of the methods that will be applied in undertaking this research. It explores the research method that will be applied, the research process, the sample unit derivation, and data types and sources, data collection techniques, and data analysis and presentation. According to Ranjit (2005), research is a means to finding answers to questions. In the process, the researcher should remain objective and unbiased in data collection, analysis, and presentation. Besides, the methods chosen should be conventionally accepted as efficient, valid, reliable, and verifiable.
1.2.1 Research Conceptual Framework
Entrepreneurship Development
Dependent Variable
Independent Variables
Subtitles of Fintech:
H1: Data security
H2: Trust and assurance
H3: Ease of use
H4: Quality of Services
H5: Time spent
H6: Customer technology awareness
Entrepreneurship Development
Dependent Variable
Independent Variables
Subtitles of Fintech:
H1: Data security
H2: Trust and assurance
H3: Ease of use
H4: Quality of Services
H5: Time spent
H6: Customer technology awareness
Figure 3: Conceptual Model of Empowering Bahraini Women as Entrepreneurs
The conceptual model presented above in figure examined the relationship between six independent variables (IV) that are “Data security”, “Trust and assurance”, “Ease of use” “Quality of Services”, “Time spent”, and “Customer technology”, and one dependent variable (DV) which is Entrepreneurship Development.
1.2.2 Research Hypothesis
Exclusively Bahraini Entrepreneurs were included in research in order to provide an inclusive and realistic perspective of the performed study. The study structure that has been developed, the research problem that has been formed, and even the research objective & aims that’ve been defined for this study review, and research hypothesis that have been built.
The following six hypotheses are formulated for this research study
H1: There is effect of data security on Entrepreneurship development.
H2: There is effect of Trust and assurance of fintech on Entrepreneurship development.
H3: There is effect of ease of use of fintech on Entrepreneurship development.
H4: There is effect of Quality of Services on Entrepreneurship development.
H5: There is effect of time spent of fintech on Entrepreneurship development.
H6: There is effect of Customer technology awareness on Entrepreneurship development
1.3 Research Design
This study’s design is intended to provide an appropriate overview for a proposal or research (Sileyew, 2019). The general conceptualization of the research problem is the design of research. It refers to the overall strategy you employ to bring the many parts of the analysis together in a logical and cohesive manner (Kabir, 2016).
This research aims at finding the impacts of Fintech on entrepreneurship. Throughout Bahrain, there are many entrepreneurs that have adopted Fintech even though they are in different entrepreneurial paths and serve different types of client bases. However, this research seeks to find general underlying impacts that have been brought about by financial technology. The research design that will be used will be a blend of both qualitative and quantitative research design. According to Jackson, Drummond & Camara (2007), qualitative research mainly focuses on the interpretation of facts and phenomena to draw conclusions. In this case, the case study approach to qualitative research will be applied. Case studies refer to the analysis of individual company entrepreneurship and financial technology situations to understand the impact that the same had on them. In this case, recognizes that the dynamics surrounding each entrepreneurship establishment are different. Besides, this paper will utilize quantitative research where will use questionnaires. The questionnaires shall consist of both open and closed questions which shall be analyzed through assigning codes to the answers which will make it possible to analyze both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the data. As such, the use of the case study approach will facilitate the comparison of the influencing factors, making it possible to draw objective and unbiased conclusions.
Therefore, six separate independent variables were used to investigate the dependent variable Entrepreneurship development. As shows below Table 2 include independent and dependent variables illustrates the key independent and dependent variables that were utilized in this study’s analysis.
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
data security
Empowering Bahraini Women as Entrepreneurs
Trust and assurance
ease of use
Quality of Services
time spent
Customer technology awareness
Table 2: Independent and Dependent Variables
1.4 Data Types and Sources
This research centers around Entrepreneurship establishments and how they maneuvered, adopted, and were impacted by financial technology. The data that will be collected in this research will include the company’s comparative sizes before, and after the adoption of Fintech, the Fintech Value creation, addition, and capture, the prospective benefits the technology will have on the company and expected challenges. With this information, it is possible to draw a definitive and objective conclusion on the impact that Fintech has had on the companies. This research will seek to acquire data from a variety of entrepreneurs within Bahrain.
The data will be sourced from a variety of sources. A business works in an ecosystem affected by both external and internal factors. The external factors include competition, government policies, the political, economic, and technological environment. On the other hand, internal factors include the company size, profit margin, available resources, management capabilities, suppliers, and customers. All these factors jointly shape a business. As such, the data will be sourced from government sources such as reports by the Central Bank of Bahrain and other governmental departments, company publications such as annual reports, scholarly researches on the topic, media records and reports, and publications by regional and international oversight and regulatory bodies.
Quantitative method was used to test the hypothesis put forward to attain the study aims, to provide an interpretation that offered a clear understanding of the problem and to quantify the impact of fintech in developing enterprnurship in the Kingdom of Bahrain in numerical terms.
The use of data types and sources for this research investigation has depended on primary facts and secondary data.
1.4.1 Primary
In the primary section, the collected data was acquired through a structured questionnaire of Bahraini entrepreneurs in order to assess the impact of fintech. The survey included 19 questions aimed at determining the impact of fintech on the development of entrepreneurship in Bahrain. The survey was designed to be completed in 7 minutes by having the questions short and simple. Google Forms was used to submit the questionnaire.
Figure 4: Research Approach
1.4.2 Secondary
All secondary data was cited from published papers, scientific online journals, official websites, and books were used to compile secondary data for this study, and it was utilized to learn more about fintech and entrepreneurship in the kingdom of Bahrain.
1.5 Data Collection Techniques
The study used an online survey to collect quantitative data. A Google questionnaire was utilized to collect information from the participants. The process of converting inputs to numerical findings and presenting the needed component of the data analysis is a distinguishing feature of this technique (Wright, 2006). The survey presented an overview of the target population, which consisted of Bahraini entrepreneurs, with the purpose of using the results mainly for academic reasons.
1.6 Population and Sample
The concept “population” refers to a group of results from which the researcher needs to draw conclusions. There are two intriguing elements to this explanation. One is that, in this context, the phrase “population” relates to quantifiable qualities rather than individuals. Additionally, this definition clearly demonstrates that the researcher’s specific needs are determined by the members of the population. As a result, sampling requires picking a subset of the population. As a result, selecting the appropriate sample is important.
This research focused on the entrepreneurs in kingdom of Bahrain as the chosen population. The target population is useful for gathering the necessary data from Bahraini entrepreneurs’ perspectives, which will serve in evaluating and assessing the impact of fintech on them.
1.6.1 Population
The research population can be identified as a broad number of people who are determined to hypothesize the findings of the study in question. Population depends on the analysis to be conducted out (Majid, 2018). According to this research work, the population is all the entrepreneurs in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
1.6.2 Sample type and size
Bahrain has a large number of entrepreneurs that have adopted financial technology. In this research, it is impossible to collect data on all entrepreneurs in Bahrain and how they have been impacted by Fintech. As such, sampling will be done. Sampling involves picking only a small number to represent the entire population. The population in this case, are the entrepreneurs that have adopted financial technology in Bahrain. The sampling technique that will be used is purposive sampling. It refers to the objective selection of samples to study rather than random selection. This requires to come up with parameters through which the sample will be selected. In this case, the parameters will include the company size, the profit margin, the customer base served, and the impact that Fintech has had on them. It will help pick out companies in each bracket and hence reflect the entire population. The collection technique is a survey was created and sent online to entrepreneurs in kingdom of Bahrain using Google Form. A total of 449 answers were received, with 449 being chosen to carry out the research.
1.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation
Data analysis is at the backbone of drawing objective conclusions. The data will be analyzed by regression analysis. For better results and clarity, this paper will use (SPSS) software version 0.23 using “google form” for the survey and analysis of scaling ordinal and nominal data, which allows for advanced text and statistical analysis. Since this research is both qualitative and quantitative, the SPSS program will come in handy in providing accurate and verifiable results free from human error. As such, it will be possible to conclude what impact Fintech has had on each entrepreneur and how internal and external factors shaped it. After interpretation of each of the company’s data, the outcomes will be used to draw generalizations on the impacts of Fintech on Entrepreneurship in Bahrain.
The analysis of quantitative data was conducted through “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” (SPSS) version 23.0 software and “google form” for the distribution and analysis of scaled ordinal and nominal survey data, discover the likely relationships and patterns between variables, and report sum-ups. In addition, the regression analysis and the degree of impact of the independent were all used to assess the reliability of independent variable (IV) “Data security”, “Trust and assurance”, “Ease of use” “Quality of Services”, “Time spent”, and “Customer technology” on the dependent variable (DV) Entrepreneurship development. .
The data was first submitted and coded, accompanied by a detailed analysis, including mode, mean, interval and ratio, to provide a complete detail of the data obtained from the survey (Zou, Lloyd, & Baumbusch, 2020). The study hypotheses were then verified by the use of a multiple regression model to accept, reject or null hypotheses. Out of all the surveys, 449 responses were obtained which were complete and reliable and could be considered for analysis of the results.
The report for the study research done was written in Microsoft Word (MS Word). Microsoft Excel (MS Excel) was used to numerically and practically analyze the study findings. The “Social Science Statistical Package (SSPS)” has been used to conduct a more thorough analysis of the data. Data was analyzed using a range of methodologies, include “Reliability Analysis,” “Mean and Standard Deviation,” “Path Analysis,” and “Regression Test.”
Furthermore, the questionnaire survey questions related to the research variables were analyzed using the “Likert Scale,” because this scale is easily understandable, the answers obtained acquired are quantitative, and it is easier to conduct some accurate analysis, and it also measures the claimant’s full perspective rather than just a yes or no responding to the question provided. Each aspect of the Likert scale was assigned a numerical rating, which may be linked to the level to which the responder agrees or disagrees with the remark on a five-point scale, however it may be simpler to visualize by using SPSS. Table 3 is the Likert scale shows the results.
Likert Scale
Score
Strongly Disagree
1
Disagree
2
Neutral
3
Agree
4
Strongly Agree
5
Table 3: Likert Scale
1.8 Development of Questionnaire
Research questionnaire was composed of significant questions on a variety of independent and dependent variables. The study is carried out and analysed using a quantitative method. The questionnaire was categorised into three parts in order to offer a visual representation of the respondent’s perspective on the impact of financial technology on the development of entrepreneurship: the moderation role of banks during crisis. First section of the survey included information on the respondent’s demographics which comprised of basic 7 questions related to entrepreneur. Second section consisted of the banks frequently deal with. Finally, Third section consisted of 15 questions revolves around to the independent variables which are “Data security”, “Trust and assurance”, “Ease of use” “Quality of Services”, “Time spent”, and “Customer technology”. And every independent variable does include 3 questions.
1.9 Data Reliability and Validity
Validity and reliability are important aspects to consider while testing or evaluating a certain instrument (Heale & Twycross, 2015). Although their statistical tests that can be used to test if a sample is a “good” indication. This research is based with one type of data: numerical data collected from Bahraini entrepreneurs. Two academic university members double-checked and reviewed quantitative findings obtained using a survey approach. There were three sections to the survey: The first part was designed to track demographic information such as age, job title, specialization area, and degree of education of study respondents who are entrepreneurs in kingdom of Bahrain. The second section was intended to identify required data about the bank with which the entrepreneur collaborates, such as the name of the bank in Bahrain. The third section aimed to determine the impacts of fintech aspects classified into six hypotheses affecting Bahraini entrepreneurs.
1.9.1.1 Data Reliability
Reliability is related to accuracy in the measures used to estimate the relationship between the components (Heale & Twycross, 2015). The survey’s layout was set by the theoretical model of the literature review, as well as the study’s gaps and aims.
The level of accuracy of the questionnaire outcome was tested using quantitative data and Cronbach Alpha testing by using SPSS technique on a sample size of 449 participants.
1.9.1.2 Data Validity
Validity refer to the extent whereby the analysis validates the data it is attempting to collect. (Heale & Twycross, 2015). Validity concerns both internal validities, linked to the test and calculation itself, and external validity, such as the right to generalize results to the target population. Forms of validity shall include: “criterion-related validity”, “construct validity”, “material validity”, “face validity”, “formative validity” and “sampling validity”. Content validity has been verified by integrating all the independent variables in the survey statements as defined in the conceptual model. In order to ensure validity, the survey items were piloted prior to the collection of main data, thereby conferring the validity of the face.
1.10 Research Flowchart
The flow map is used to illustrate the full work of the analysis in a diagrammatic manner. It summarizes the analysis report conducted in its entirety. It acts as a map that takes the paper reader from the start to the end of the study review:
Figure 5: Research Flowchart
1.11 Ethical considerations
My ethical concern was the confidentiality and privacy of the participants and the protection of their input, and it would be used for academic purposes.
1.12 Conclusion
This chapter has mentioned a brief introduction, discussed the research methodology, conceptual framework, hypothesis and the research design to be used in this study. The chapter then provided a thorough description of the data type and sources. Discussions continued about how the data would be gathered, presented and analysed, followed by the implementation of the questionnaire. This chapter conferred the data reliability and validity, the full flow chart of the analysis which diagrammatically represents the complete work of research and a summary of the ethical consideration that the research is depending on throughout the research stages.
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