EACH TOPIC/ DISCUSSION ANSWER NEEDS A RESPONSE EACH RESPONSE SHOULD BE MAX 2 PARAGRAPHS. THERE ARE 12 RESPONSES IN ALL. PLEASE USE THE ATTACHED DOCUMENTS AS REFERENCES IN THE RESPONSES.
Topic 6 policing responses
Georgia Kombogiorgas:
One way in which your personal subcultural traits potentially influence your job performance is by showing the actions that you take when you are acting on your own morality and values. Even though it was stated in the text that, “… police officers see themselves not as selfish actors, but as members of a group struggling for a higher purpose,” it would be easy to see that police officers would take it upon themselves to commit selfish acts anyway or act based on their own attitudes instead of following policy and always going by the rules (Crank, p. 298). And so while this may be true, and while it is excellent for police officers to have a well-developed sense of solidarity with each other, it is also important to note that their individuality plays a major part even in the processes in which they stick together. Their individual morals and actions affect law enforcement and criminal justice systems on a daily basis, and “Morality is the first theme of solidarity, it is the theme that energizes and makes imperative the aesthetic of coercive territorial control” (Crank, p. 205). Officers must be careful to not become righteous enough or unecessarily violent, and that is why it’s important to note if officers have a solid sense of morality. They are required to communicate with many different types of individuals like the innocent and the criminal. Your sucultural traits influence job performance because they show how you think and understand you should act, and how you actually do.
Haley Fitzpatrick:
Subcultures are considered an identifiable group within a larger group with similar characteristics, qualities, or beliefs, some of which may vary from that of the larger group. Each of us is a part of one or more subcultures that influence who we are as individuals, what we believe, and how we act in a given situation.
Policing subcultures, like many others, are developed through tradition (storytelling), solidarity, shared experiences, and learned behaviors. Crank describes 5 specific themes that are incorporated into the policing subculture. These are: morality, common sense, masculinity, solidarity, and racism. I think a good example to explain solidarity and shared experiences would be that feeling of comradery we get when we hear someone went to the same college we did. You immediately connect with that person and share stories and experiences about the school. This is comparable to the solidarity between police officers, except on a much deeper level. They share similar stories and experiences and beliefs which creates a subculture amongst themselves
Topic 6 Corrections responses
Georgia Kombogiorgas:
“Upon entrance, he is immediately stripped of his wonted supports, and his self is systematically, if often unintentionally, mortified… he is led into a series of abasements, degradations, humiliations, and profanations of self.” (Goffman, p. 4). The first point to understand is that when inmates are first “welcomed,” or taken into prison, they are undergoing a major lifestyle change that is different from their routines and activities that they were living with at home on a daily basis. They will be going through experiences that demean their character, they will experience personality developments, and will not have any of the resources readyily available as they most likely did at home. They experience lack of personal autonomy and independence, and this is a blow to the human character. “He begins… some radical shifts in his moral career, a career laying out the progressive changes that occur in the beliefs that he has concerning himself and significant others” (Goffman, p. 4). The way in which prison culture affects offender rehabilitation and reintegration is that it changes their personality and psychology so that they are not the same when they come back out. As explained in the last couple pages of the reading, they are subject to follow the rules of the total institution they are locked in. Inmates are seperately stripped of individuality, so their rehabilitation and reintegration back into society is difficult, and many do not always have the proper resources and help they need when they are released to find a job and reintegrate back into their community. They also might have permanent changes in personality that would make it more difficult to reintegrate; “… what the ex inmate does retain of his institutional experience tells us important things about total institutions” (Goffman, p. 11).
NYSSA HENRY:
Ideally, culture Is understood to be different behavioral traits and customs that is adaptively use to explain the world around us and why we perceive and do things the ways in which we do. The culture is prison might be perceived differently because prison is a retention facility that incarcerates people of criminal related charges to be isolated from society and punish for breakings laws. The aim of prison is to teach individuals different lessons on who to reintegrate back in society and individuals who learn beneficials lesson for breaking the law. Due to this notion, many prisoners form or join groups based on their culture, sexual orientation, gender, race, and identity. The drive beyond this decision is to feel a sense of belongingness, to feel support, to be surrounded by other inmates who have similar sexual orientation and stay distracted on feeling trapped in jail cell which is damaging to people’s mental processes. In the prison culture prisoners try to retain and practice cultural beliefs. For e.g., prisoner who are religious belonging to Christianity. Hinduism or Muslim, read their holy books and pray while in prison. This is one way in which a prisoner stays focused, free spirited and happy.
TOPIC 7 POLICING
Xiomara Perez
There has been a lot of trial and error when it comes to effective policing and the procedures implemented to try to improve police-community relations. As these relations evolve and change, so do the challenges of maintaining them. There are several training concepts introduced throughout the decades that compliment community policing training modules. The beginning of community-oriented policing can be traced back to the 1960s, in cases such as Mapp v. Ohio and Gideon v. Wainwright that fought against unconsitutionalization (Haberfeld, 172) The focus was shifted to proper officer conduct and eliminating abrasive practices to protect citizens rights. Community relations programs such as the Neighborhood Police Team started in the 1970s in the NYPD, and team policing followed a short while later to divide small geographic areas to small teams of officers (Haberfeld, 174). In 1977, the RAND study of detectives, a comprehensive survey questionnaire completed by 153 police departments, concluded that “investigators actually spent only 7 percent of their time on activities that actually led to solving crime” (Haberfeld, 175). In the late 1960s and 1970s, the demand for change was spurred by the civil rights movement, immigration, and the younger generations. There was an increase in public fear, as crime rates rose in the 1960s. Due to departments prioritizing new equipment, they failed to meet public expectations when it comes to controlling and preventing crime (Haberfeld, 175).
Nyssa:
The public expects police to provide adequate police service. The public also expects effective policing to require a focus on particular people and places. Police organizations, on the other hand, expect to have financial and political support from the public and politicians, as well as respect and understanding from police executives. These differ in a sense that the public will shift blame on police and expect too much from them wihtout realizing that community efforts, cooperation, understanding and support are extremely essential for effective polciing. Without support, it is difficult for them to move forward in their endeavors to improve policing techniques and police-community guidelines. They need to have a solid foundation from both the community and other social systems that are relying on the criminal justice system to create successful problem-solving strategies and organizational transformation. Unfortunately, as the quote states in introduction to Chapter 9, “the key to failure is trying to please everyone.” Despite best efforts to try to improve police-community relations, past failed efforts will always be held against police departments, as a reminder that a flawed system cannot be fixed, unless completely overwritten. How police departments are structured and operated will look the same as it did 70 years ago, and despite implementing new concepts such as procedural justice and implicit bias, it is being added a structure under a political environment that is demanding and showing prefeence more harmful tactics (such as stop and frisk, which wasn’t held unconstitutional until 2013).
Topic 7 corrections
Erica Westman
Eiger, a mountain in Switzerland, is known to be one of the most difficult heights to climb. Thus inspiring the name for Operation Eiger, a metaphor that compares the difficult ascension of Mount Eiger to a high-intensity partnership between police and probation officers that aims to keep young juvenile offenders from re-offending. Based on this operation, it seems clear that when a team of trained law enforcement comes together on behalf of at-risk youth, the chances for future reoffending decrease.
Parts of Operation Eiger include frequent home visits, (around 3 a month) and the involvement of family members, which include parents and siblings who help to “monitor probation compliance, record information for intervention services, and establish an ongoing dialogue” with the juvenile’s family. (Day, Y. 1997) This suggests that when involving people who care about the offender, (such as family) as well as trained law enforcement who work on behalf of them, the more likely they are to respond to positive lifestyle changes and are less likely to re-offend.
Xiomara Perez
Operation Eiger is a partnership between police and probation, located in Baton Rouge, Los Angeles. The concept targets violent, habitual youth offenders, who repeatedly find themselves involved in the criminal justice system. “Eiger” is a reference to the Swiss mountain. It is known as one of the most difficult to climb, to refer to the partnership’s high-intensity intervention, which includes monitoring, care management, mentoring, substance abuse treatment, job training and placement, as well as other forms of counseling, case management and home visits. It also involves suppression strategies at the grassroots level to reduce illegal access to guns, and expedite the judicial response to gun-related offenses through Operation Eiger, Fun Tracing Initiative, Gun Permit Application Initiative, School Drug task Force, Operation Takedown, and Judicial Advisory Committee. In the first 13 months, Eigers had identified 198 juveniles and 113 young adults between the ages of 17 and 21. The team also monitors 247 other high-risk youth. In the last year, the most dramatic difference was within the Eiger’s juvenile population, as 56 percent of them with no violations rose to 71 percent between September 1997-1998.
TOPIC 8 POLICING
Xiomara Perez
As Professor Grant discusses in the lecture video, the lack of respect for the police professions is currently at its highest. There have been recent technological solutions such as police body cameras and other mechanisms to try to combat police misconduct. Although Professor Haberfeld explains how they implemented this a bit too late. Those recruited within the profession that are living by ethics and integrity, do not need to be monitored simply because they will always serve beside the right values and morals. Those who are actively trying to abuse their power, however, will do so despite any monitoring implications. Professor Haberfeld brings up an excellent question: There are internal affairs, integrity officers, integrity training, and the Civilian Complaint Review Board implementation, yet where is the human element? It does not take much to become an officer, as the education requirements are low, which means those recruited are often entirely too young to carry a gun. More education, problem-solving ability, emotional intelligence, and other factors that make a significant difference in this environment, these are just few of the many elements that make up a good police officer. Some departments have made progress by raising the standards for recruitment, however to see a positive effect, these changes need to be nationwide.
NYSSA:
Chapter 13 brings up a very reasonable point comparing the policing and medical profession. Medical doctors are involved annually in thousands of medical errors, also known as “malpractice” incidents, yet the public does not engage in outbreaks of protests on the streets, or view doctors in a resentful light. This is because even though both professions involve responsibility for the lives of civilians, the training and education for the two are drastically different. The medical profession “treats this responsibility with the utmost seriousness,” by demanding extensive training and education in order to reach qualification (Haberfeld, 272). People are universally aware of this, and naturally have higher respect for doctors, so much so that even the criminal justice system at times shy away from prosecuting a certified medical doctor (hence the reason why several doctors involved in malpractice are not convicted right away). Medical error is often justified with mental illness and the blame remains solely towards that individual, where police misconduct unfortunately represents the entire police organization as a whole. Putting it in this perspective, it is understood why the public tend to show so much anger and resentment, as many do not understand that they are not provided with adequate training and education from the very beginning, As seen in Kelly v. City of San Jose case from 1988 (Haberfeld, 279).
Topic 8 Corrections
Xiomara Perez
I have to say it’s extremely mind-boggling how some of these prisons outside of the country look nicer and even more spacious than my old college dorm rooms. These are definitely not the average, everyday prisons we are collectively used to thinking of when we imagine incarceration. Most inmates in the United States prisons live in filthy conditions with iron bars, nearly inedible food, and polluted air. The prisons listed take on a different approach to serving time – providing inmates with fun and interactive activities, rooms in pristine condition, skill building classes, private bathrooms and kitchens with television. This environment encourages rehabilitation in the most unconventional ways ever seen, Although I am a huge advocate for prison reform, I had a hard time wrapping my head around the idea of “luxury prisons” at first glance.
NYSSA:
After giving it some thought and doing some research on the current crime statistics in Spain, Germany, and Switzerland, I’m convinced of the effectiveness of this prison set-up. From the outside, most people would not understand how this is punishment, but these same people do not realize that the goal of prison is not punishment, but instead crime reduction. This approach from other countries has proven to be cheaper and a more successful alternative. It is not logical to say this would never work in America, when the attempt has never been made, and everything being done now is simply not working. Not all prisoners are dangerous or violent, which means these kinds of approaches can be deemed extremely beneficial. If the crime rates are so low in these other countries, it is clear that they are doing everything right and America should make the effort to adopt some of these examples of a more holistic and humane approach to rehabilitation.
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