PART A

Copy the below into Word to complete and paste the completed assignment into the grading module.

Learning Objectives

Test Yourself Answer these Learning Objective Questions to improve your retention of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009, 2015).

1. What is the place of consciousness in psychology’s history?

2. How does selective attention direct our perceptions?

3. What is the dual processing being revealed by today’s cognitive neuroscience?

 

  Terms and Concepts to Remember

Test Yourself Write down the definition of each word.

consciousness

cognitive neuroscience

selective attention

inattentional blindness

change blindness

dual processing

blindsight

parallel processing

sequential processing

 

Experience the Testing Effect

Test Yourself Answer the following questions.

1. Failure to see visible objects because our attention is occupied elsewhere is called _________ _________ .

2. We register and react to stimuli outside of our awareness by means of _______ processing. When we devote deliberate attention to stimuli, we use __________ processing.

3. Inattentional blindness is a product of our ____________ attention.

 

MODULE  9 REVIEW

Sleep and Dreams

Learning Objectives             

Test Yourself:  Answer these Learning Objective Questions to improve your retention of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009, 2015).

1. What is sleep?

2. How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning?

3. What is the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages?

4. How do biology and environment interact in our sleep patterns?

5. What are sleep’s functions?

6. How does sleep loss affect us, and what are the major sleep disorders?

7. What do we dream, and what functions have theorists proposed for dreams?

 

Terms and Concepts to Remember

Test Yourself Write down the definition.

sleep

circadian [ser-KAY-dee-an] rhythm

REM sleep

alpha waves

delta waves

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

insomnia

narcolepsy

sleep apnea

REM sleep behavior disorder

night terrors

Dream

manifest content

latent content

REM rebound

 

Experience the Testing Effect

Test Yourself Answer the following questions.

1. Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as the __________ __________ .

2. During the N1 sleep stage, a person is most likely to experience   a.  sleep spindles.   b.  hallucinations   c. night terrors or nightmares.    d.  rapid eye movements.

3. The brain emits large, slow delta waves during _________________ sleep.

4. As the night progresses, what happens to the REM stage of sleep?

5. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that have been proposed to explain why we need sleep.    a.Sleep has survival value.   b. Sleep helps us recuperate.   c. Sleep rests the eyes.  d. Sleep plays a role in the growth process.

6. What is the difference between narcolepsy and sleep apnea?

7. In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their  a.  information-processing function.   b. neurocognitive function.  c.  manifest content, or story line.   d.  latent content, or hidden meaning.

8. How has activation-synthesis theory been used to explain why we dream?

9. “For what one has dwelt on by day, these things are seen in visions of the night” (Menander of Athens [342–292 b.c.e.], Fragments). How might we use the information-processing perspective on dreaming to interpret this ancient Greek quote?

10. The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation is referred to as ___________ _____________.

MODULE 10 REVIEW

Drugs and Their Effects

Learning Objectives

Test Yourself Answer these repeated Learning Objective Questions to improve your retention of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009, 2015).

1. What are  substance use disorders?

1. What roles do tolerance and addiction play in substance use disorders, and how has the concept of  addiction changed?

2. What are  depressants, and what are their effects?

3. What are  stimulants, and what are their effects?

4. What are  hallucinogens, and what are their effects?

5. What are  opioids, and what are their effects?

6. What is  cannabis, and what are its effects?

7. Why do some people become regular users of consciousness-altering drugs?

 

Terms and Concepts to Remember

Test Yourself

Write down the definition of the words below.

· psychoactive drug

· substance use disorder

· tolerance

· addiction

· withdrawal

· depressants

· alcohol use disorder

· barbiturates

· stimulants

· amphetamines

· nicotine

· cocaine

· methamphetamine

· hallucinogens

· near-death experience

· LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

· Ecstasy (MDMA)

· opioids

· cannabis

· THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)

Experience the Testing Effect

Test Yourself Answer the following questions.

1. After continued use of a psychoactive drug, the drug user needs to take larger doses to get the desired effect. This is referred to as ______________.

2. The depressants include alcohol and

1.

1. barbiturates.

2. morphine.

3. marijuana

4. ampletamines.

2.  Why might alcohol make a person more helpful  or more aggressive?

3. Long-term use of Ecstasy can

1. depress sympathetic nervous system activity.

2. deplete the brain’s supply of epinephrine.

3. deplete the brain’s supply of dopamine.

4. damage serotonin-producing neurons.

4. Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the experiences evoked by _____________ drugs.

5. Use of cannabis

1. impairs motor coordination, perception, reaction time, and memory.

2. inhibits people’s emotions.

3. leads to dehydration and overheating.

4. stimulates brain cell development.

6. An important psychological contributor to drug use is

1. inflated self-esteem.

2. the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless.

3. a genetic predisposition.

4. overprotective parents.

 

PART B

1. Steinbock argues that while adultery is a private matter, it is not a morally neutral matter. What does she mean by “private matter” and how is this different from other actions she considers? Why is adultery not a morally neutral matter?

2. What do you think Steinbock’s view on adultery is? Is it morally permissible or not? In one sentence state what you think her conclusion about adultery is in your own words. Give two quotations from the reading that function as premises that support this conclusion.

3. Respond to at least two other students and explain how their reconstruction helped you understand the argument or the skills we are learning in class.

SOLUTION

PART A

MODULE 8: Consciousness

Learning Objectives – Test Yourself

1. What is the place of consciousness in psychology’s history?
   Consciousness was central to early psychology through introspection, later deemphasized during behaviorism, and revived with the cognitive revolution and modern neuroscience.

2. How does selective attention direct our perceptions?
   Selective attention allows us to focus on certain stimuli while filtering out others, shaping what we consciously perceive at any given moment.

3. What is the dual processing being revealed by today’s cognitive neuroscience?
   Dual processing shows that the brain operates on two levels: a fast, automatic, unconscious track and a slower, deliberate, conscious track.

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Terms and Concepts to Remember

• Consciousness: Awareness of ourselves and our environment.

• Cognitive neuroscience: Study of brain activity linked with mental processes.

• Selective attention: Focusing awareness on specific stimuli.

• Inattentional blindness: Failure to notice visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere.

• Change blindness: Failure to notice changes in the environment.

• Dual processing: Two-track system of conscious and unconscious processing.

• Blindsight: Ability to respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness.

• Parallel processing: Processing many aspects of a stimulus simultaneously.

• Sequential processing: Processing information step-by-step.

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Experience the Testing Effect

1. Failure to see visible objects because our attention is occupied elsewhere is called inattentional blindness.

2. We register and react to stimuli outside of awareness by parallel processing. When we devote deliberate attention, we use sequential processing.

3. Inattentional blindness is a product of our selective attention.

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MODULE 9: Sleep and Dreams

Learning Objectives – Test Yourself

1. What is sleep?
   A periodic, natural loss of consciousness marked by distinct brain-wave patterns.

2. How do biological rhythms influence daily functioning?
   They regulate sleep, alertness, hormone release, and body temperature.

3. What is the biological rhythm of sleeping and dreaming stages?
   The circadian rhythm and the sleep cycle (NREM and REM).

4. How do biology and environment interact in sleep patterns?
   Light exposure, schedules, and culture interact with biological clocks.

5. What are sleep’s functions?
   Protection, restoration, memory consolidation, and growth.

6. How does sleep loss affect us, and what are major sleep disorders?
   Sleep loss impairs cognition and health; disorders include insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea.

7. What do we dream, and what functions have theorists proposed?
   Dreams reflect daily experiences and serve information processing, emotional regulation, and brain development.

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Terms and Concepts

• Sleep: Natural periodic loss of consciousness

• Circadian rhythm: 24-hour biological clock

• REM sleep: Stage marked by vivid dreams and rapid eye movement

• Alpha waves: Brain waves of relaxed wakefulness

• Delta waves: Large, slow waves of deep sleep

• SCN: Brain’s master clock

• Insomnia: Persistent difficulty sleeping

• Narcolepsy: Sudden uncontrollable sleep attacks

• Sleep apnea: Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep

• REM sleep behavior disorder: Acting out dreams

• Night terrors: High-arousal episodes during deep sleep

• Dream: Sequence of images and emotions during sleep

• Manifest content: Dream’s storyline

• Latent content: Hidden meaning of dreams

• REM rebound: Increased REM after deprivation

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Experience the Testing Effect

1. Circadian rhythm

2. b. hallucinations

3. N3 (slow-wave) sleep

4. REM sleep periods become longer

5. c. Sleep rests the eyes

6. Narcolepsy involves sudden sleep attacks; sleep apnea involves breathing interruptions.

7. d. latent content

8. Dreams result from the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity.

9. Dreams reflect waking experiences being processed during sleep.

10. REM rebound

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MODULE 10: Drugs and Their Effects

Learning Objectives – Test Yourself

1. What are substance use disorders?
   Continued substance use despite significant life disruption.

2. Role of tolerance and addiction?
   Tolerance requires higher doses; addiction involves compulsive use.

3. Depressants and effects?
   Slow nervous system activity.

4. Stimulants and effects?
   Increase alertness and energy.

5. Hallucinogens and effects?
   Distort perception and consciousness.

6. Opioids and effects?
   Reduce pain and produce euphoria.

7. Cannabis and effects?
   Alters perception, mood, and memory.

8. Why do people use drugs?
   Biological vulnerability, stress relief, social influences.

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Terms and Concepts

(Definitions provided accurately per standard psychology texts—let me know if you want them rewritten in simpler language.)

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Experience the Testing Effect

1. Tolerance

2. 1. barbiturates

3. Alcohol lowers inhibitions, amplifying existing tendencies.

4. 4. damage serotonin-producing neurons

5. Hallucinogenic

6. 1. impairs motor coordination, perception, reaction time, and memory

7. 2. feeling life is meaningless and directionless

 

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