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JUC- Specialization (English) English Composition II (English 118) Semester 422 OBESITY: A GLOBAL EPIDEMIC Prepared by: Edrie Reine Ader (401900215) Section 104 Prepared for: Dr. Ernesto R. Ader, Jr. 1 Contents Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 I Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………6-7 II Method of Research……………………………………………………………………………………..8 III Obesity……..…………………………………………………………………………………………….9 3.1 What Obesity is…………………………………………………………………………………9-10 3.2 Causes of Obesity…………………………………………………………………………………10 3.2.1 Genetic………………………………………………………………………………10-11 3.2.2 Sedentary Behaviour.…………………………………………………………11-12 3.2.3 Dietary Patterns………………………………………………………………………12 3.2.4 Foresight Report Model…………………………………………………………….13 3.2.5 Calories In and Out………………………………………………………………….13 3.3 Effects…………………………………………………………………………………………………14 3.3.1 Health.……………………………………………………………………………….14-15 3.3.2 Social Life.………………………………………………………………………………15 3.3.3 In the Workplace …………………………………………………………………….16 3.4 Prevention……………………………………………………………………………………………16 3.4.1 Diet……………………………………………………………………………………………16 3.4.1.1 Low-Fat Diet…………………………………………………………………………16 3.4.1.2 Higher- Protein Diet………………………………………………………………17 3.4.1.3 Low Carbohydrate Diet…………………………………………………………..17 3.4.1.4 Whole Grains, Fruits and Vegetables Diet……………………………17-18 3.4.2 Exercise and Physical Activity…………………………………………………..18-19 IV Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………20 V References ………………………………………………………………………………………………21-23 2 List of Figures Figure 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 Figure 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………7 3 Acknowledgment I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the people who contributed to the completion of this research paper. Without their valuable assistance, I would not have completed this research paper. Thanks to Dr. Ernesto Ader, Jr. for having discussed the complete process in writing a term paper and for having patiently edited and proofread the term paper. Thanks also for his constant reminders and inspiration to finish this manuscript. I would like to thank also my friends who lent me their books. They are relevant sources for my research. Also, I would like to express my gratitude to my family and friends. They have always motivated me to excel in my studies. To all others who helped me, in one way or the other, Thank you! 4 Abstract One major health problem that the world today is beset with is obesity. The number of people becoming obese, regardless of age, is growing in number and this poses a serious challenge to many people, especially that it affects different aspects of their human life. This research tries to examine this pressing health issue by defining what obesity really is, and presenting causes, effects and solutions. The researcher gathered relevant information or data from various sources through the library method. This research found that although obesity is genetic and caused by people’s diet, sedentary lifestyle, and multiple interrelated causes as shown in the Foresight Report Model, has impact on health, social involvement and conditions in the workplace, but it can still be prevented through a strict diet and regular exercise and sufficient physical activity which an obese person religiously follows. 5 I Introduction Currently, obesity is a health issue that has become a concern of the global community. According to World Health Organization, obesity refers to ‘abnormal excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health’. Obesity is one of the modern pressing health issues the whole world faces and has to curb. It is found to be a modern menace to people regardless of age, ethnicity, color, gender and race. This health issue affects all spheres of human life. What makes it so pressing now is that it has become a global epidemic. Center for Disease and Development (CDC, nd) describes obesity as weight that is higher than the considered healthy weight for a given height. It further states that Body mass Index (BMI) is used to categorize whether a person is obese or not. According to Medicine Obesity Association (nd), there are people who are genetically predisposed to be obese. Other factors contribute to obesity like dietary patterns (Science Direct, 2015) and other interrelated causes as shown in the Foresight Project Model. This research paper tries to analyze this problem and aims to contribute to the knowledge about obesity already available. It tries to gather data which help us understand this issue in a broader light and help us understand obese people and to behave accordingly in situations where obese people are involved. As the topic is broad, this term paper only includes variables which can be gathered, organized and studied through the library method. 6 The research paper is structured as follows. The first section describes what obesity is. The second section enumerates the various causes and effects and the third section presents prevention strategies. It ends with a conclusion drawn from data gathered. 7 II Method of Research This research paper uses the library method in gathering data or key ideas. The researcher used books, articles from the internet, researches or articles in journals which are also posted on the internet. The researcher gathered all relevant ideas from these sources, analyzed them, and presented them in this study. 8 III Obesity 3.1 What Obesity is Understanding obesity begins with understanding its definition. According to WHO (nd), obesity is defined as ‘abnormal excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health’. The Journal for Obesity and Eating Disorders (nd) carries the same meaning in its own definition, ‘being overweight by the accumulation of excess fat in the body’. Center for Disease and Control (CDC, nd) describes obesity as weight that is higher than the considered healthy weight for a given height. CDC further points out that Body Mass Index (BMI) is a screening tool used to categorize a person as obese or not. BMI is a calculation that considers a person’s weight and height into account to measure body mass. Healthline further explains that an adult having a BMI of more than 30 or more is considered obese, citing CDC’s definition. CDC (nd) presents four categories: • • • Class 1: BMI of 30 to < 35 Class 2: BMI of 35 to < 40 Class 3: BMI of 40 or higher. Class 3 obesity is sometimes categorized as “extreme” or “severe” obesity. Healthline presents classes of obesity for adults who are at least 20 years old: – 9 Classes of Obesity Figure 1 There is a limitation though about the use of BMI. According to the CDC: Factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, and muscle mass can influence the relationship between BMI and body fat. Also, BMI doesn’t distinguish between excess fat, muscle, or bone mass, nor does it provide any indication of the distribution of fat among individuals. (CDC, nd) Furthermore, Harvard T.H Chan, School of Public Health (nd) reveals that there is one category not captured by BMI- the so-called “abdominal obesity” the excess fat located around the waist, which is an important consideration in health. 3.2 Causes of Obesity 3.2.1 Genetic Several studies already confirm that genetics is one of the causes of obesity. According to Obesity Medicine Association (nd), there are people who are predisposed to 10 have obesity. Sicat (2018) says that there are people who have many genes that make them inclined to be obese. One example of these genes is FTO which is found to present in 43% of the population. When this gene is present in a person, along with other genes, it results in ‘increased hunger levels, increased calorie intake, increased tendency to be sedentary, increased tendency to store body fat, reduced satiety, increased and reduced control over eating’. 3.2.2 Sedentary Behaviour Another cause believed to be a contributing factor to obesity is sedentary lifestyle. Sedentary lifestyle is described as a lifestyle that involves sitting or lying down (Department of Health, Australia, nd). It further states that people can be sedentary in these places: at home, at work, and at school. It clarifies that sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are not the same. Physical inactivity, it explains, means “not doing enough physical activity”. Furthermore, it cites examples of sedentary behavior like “sitting or lying down while watching TV or playing electronic games, sitting or while driving a car or while travelling, sitting down to study, read, write, or work at a desk or computer”. In a study published by BMJ Journal (nd) it was found out that watching TV was most consistently related to Higher BMI, which led to this conclusion- “Out of the different types of sedentary behaviour, TV viewing was most consistently associated with adiposity markers in adults” (BMJ, nd). 11 In another study published by the National Library of Medicine, (2008) 25% of men and 24% of women included in the study who reported watching TV for 21 hours or more, were classified as obese. Their study confirmed that watching TV is the leading sedentary behavior that results in obesity. 3.2.3 Dietary Patterns Dietary patterns have very strong influence on a person’s weight. A dietary pattern is defined as ”quantity, variety and combination of different food and beverages in a diet and the frequency with which they are consumed” (Science Direct, 2015). A study of Major Dietary Patterns and Their Associations with Overweight and Obesity Among Iranian Children identified three dietary patterns namely: “Healthy”, “Western” and “Sweet- Dairy”. Western pattern marked by consuming too much refined grains, French fries, red meats, condiments, processed meats, regular soft drinks, as well as pizza, snacks and potatoes, significantly contributes to obesity (Science Direct, 2015). There are dietary patterns identified which most Americans fit into: • • • • • Southern: Fried, processed meats and sugar-sweetened beverages Traditional: Chinese and Mexican food, pasta dishes, pizza, soup, and other mixed dishes including frozen or take-out meals Healthy: Mostly fruits, vegetables, and grains Sweets: Large amounts of sweet snacks and desserts Alcohol: Proteins, alcohol, and salads (Warmer, 2012- nd) 3.2.4 Foresight Report Model The common perception is that obesity is caused by a string of interrelated factors. Bajorek and Bevan (2019), citing the report from the Updated Foresight Report, “Tackling Obesities: Future Choices” (2011), discussed the many causes of obesity which are 12 complex and multi-factorial. They have made a model to show the complexity of the situation. The model is presented below. Figure 2- Foresight Report Model 3.2.5 Calories in and Out Fung (2017) reveals the cause of obesity: ‘It is a matter of Calories In and Calories Out’. (Fung, 2017: 104) He explains that when the number of calories we take in is more than the calories we burn, weight gain happens. He makes it clearer by saying that excess calories may be the proximate or immediate cause of weight gain but it is not the ultimate cause as other factors may set in. 13 3.3 Effects 3.3.1 Health Obese people are vulnerable to health problems or complications. CDC (nd) enumerated possible health risks that obese people face: ‘all causes of death mortality, high blood pressure (hypertension), high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea and breathing problem, many types of cancer, mental illness such as anxiety, clinical depression and other mental disorders, and body pain and difficulty with physical functioning’. The American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric (nd) enumerates other possible health complications caused by obesity. These are Alzheimer’s disease, kidney disease, liver disease, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and enlarge ovaries which causes infertility. The study, The Effect of Obesity on Health Outcomes, makes the effects of obesity more pronounced in its statement in its abstract: Obesity has a clearly measurable impact on physical and mental health, health related quality of life, and generates considerable direct and indirect costs. The evolving obesity pandemic is exacting a considerable toll on those affected, the treating health services, and on our communities. (Molecular and Endocrinology, 2010: 104) Another study published by Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences (2015) highlights the impact of obesity on mental health. It shows that obesity creates a stigma and 14 discrimination resulting in some mental disorders. It furthers states that there is evidence showing obesity to be “the cause of low self-esteem, mood disorders, motivational eating problems impaired body image, interpersonal communication problems and all these directly or indirectly affect the quality of life”. (Medical Science, 2015, nd) 3.3.2 Social Life Obesity affects our social life, too- a fact which is known globally as obesity reaches global proportions. World Health Organization- Europe (nd) stresses: “Obesity stigma is ubiquitous” (WHO, 2017). Obesity stigma, it further says, is experienced from teachers, employers, health professionals, the media and even from family and friends. Link and Philan (2001) as cited in the study of Puhl (2010) stressed that it is not clear how and to what degree others stigmatize obese people and what degree its effects has on obese people. Safa (2014) explained that stigma may be shown verbally and physically and in its extreme form may lead to obvious discrimination even in work place. A research by Puhl and Brownell (2001) as cited in the study of Watson and Britton, 2010) showed stigma linked to obesity resulted in less social engagement for the obese but this is more obvious in younger age brackets. The research studied if the stigma continues as the obese young person gets older. The results suggested the degree of stigmatization against obese people weakens with age but other factors may also be the reason. 15 3.3.3 In the Workplace Obesity in the workplace has become very prevalent as the number of obese people steadily increase globally and has very damaging effect on both employer and employee. With most jobs promoting sedentary lifestyle and poor eating habits, obesity in the workplace can result in multiple health problems (Bruner, et al., 2007). Obesity in the workplace can have economic impacts as obese people incur more absences from work. Goettler (2017) added that obesity has effects on employee productivity, absenteeism (absence from work due to illness and other factors and presenteeism [lost on-the-job productivity]. Schmier (2006) explained that obesity in the workplace is the cause of increased costs at work. Obese employees use more sick leaves, and disability funds. Also, workplace injuries are more common in workplaces where there are obese employees. 3.4 Prevention 3.4. 1 Diet 3.4.1.1 Low- Fat Diet Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (nd) in its review of dietary intake and weight control reveals that there is no evidence that low-fat diets have positive effects in having a healthy weight and better health. It cited evidence from a study in the U.S. to prove this point. It clarifies that the type of fat is more necessary than the amount. Having more healthy fat [mono-saturated and poly-unsaturated] doesn’t contribute to weight gain. 16 3.4.1.2 Higher Protein Diets In its review, Harvard T.H. Chan, School of Public Health enumerated reasons why consuming higher percentage of calories is beneficial to weight control: 1. More satiety: People tend to feel fuller, on fewer calories, after eating protein than they do after eating carbohydrate or fat. 2. Greater thermic effect: It takes more energy to metabolize and store protein than other macronutrients, and this may help people increase the energy they burn each day. 3. Improved body composition: Protein seems to help people hang on to lean muscle during weight loss, and this, too, can help boost the energy-burned side of the energy balance equation. (Harvard T.H. Chan, nd) 3.4.1.3 Lower Carbohydrate Diet In the same review of T.H. Chan, it indicated that the quality is way more important than the carbohydrate quantity. It explained further that carbohydrates from food people commonly consumed [milled rice, white pasta, white bread, etc.] are high in glycemic index and glycemic load which can cause hunger to rise and lead to overeating. 3.4.1.4 Whole Grains, Fruits and Vegetables Diet Harvard T.H. Chan (nd) indicated that a diet of composed of whole grains, vegetables, fruits and nuts has a lot of benefits in the prevention of weight gain or obesity but explained that weight control is stronger in the consumption of whole grains. In conclusion, it indicated that a healthy diet still remains to be the most effective in preventing obesity. 17 Swinburn, et al., (nd) in their study, found that consumption of dietary non-starch polysaccharides/fiber is very convincing in preventing obesity. They have also found out that energy-dense micronutrient-poor food is considered convincing in preventing obesity. Probable risk factors, they added, are energy-dense food, food from fast food outlets, sugar sweetened soft drinks and fruit juices. 3.4.2 Exercise and Physical Activity Jakicic (2006) in his study, found that exercise and other forms of physical activity form a part of the effective solutions to weight gain. However, he warned that there must be sufficient levels of exercise and physical activity- 60-90 minute per day, being recommended. Exercise is an important instrument in treating obese people and its impact on these individuals change from among individuals. Aerobic exercise done 5-7 days per week are the safest and the most effective exercise program (Bray, Bouchard, 1998). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2005) in its article abstract about obesity stressed that enough levels of activity should be recommended to fight obesityat least 30 minutes per day. It added, to achieve maximum weight loss, there must be at least 60 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity. Wareham (2006) revealed that there is no conclusive or definitive answer to the question of much physical activity is sufficient to prevent weight gain. He argues that there are authors who accept that definitive data are lacking. However, they concurred 18 with Jakicic’s findings that moderate –intensity physical activity for 45-60 minutes per day is a requirement to prevent becoming overweight or obese. Bjorntorp (2001) claimed that there is a trend of decreasing consumption of fat in many countries but people still grow bigger. He enumerated the reasons: these people decreased their energy consumption but they have become less active; they have maintained their energy intake although they reduce their fat intake and the third reason is that consumption of fat is not significantly low. Bray, Bouchard (1998) concluded that there were obesity prevention programs on an individual basis and they reiterated that these programs required high commitment to sustained change. At the community level, they stressed that it should be prioritized. They indicated that current obesity efforts may have failed due to a lack of acceptance of obesity as a serious health problem, lack of focus, poor understanding of effective prevention strategies and low funding. 19 IV Conclusion This research paper has found out that a person is obese if his weight is higher that the considered healthy weight for a given height. This health issue is caused by genetics, sedentary lifestyle, diet patterns, excess intake of calories and other interrelated causes as outlined in the Foresight Report Model. It has adverse effects on health, social life and workplace situations or conditions. This pressing health issue can be prevented through a strict diet, exercise and regular physical activity. This research paper has addressed common issues about obesity, but it has not answered other issues which can’t be answered through the library method alone. It is suggested that further studies using other methods be conducted. Despite its limitations, this term paper succeeded in shedding light to a global health issue as it presents basic data which most people are concerned about. 20 V References A. Books Bjorntorp, P. (1998) International Textbook of Obesity. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Bray, G, and Bouchard, C. (1998) Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Fung, J. (2017) The Obesity Code: Unlocking the Secrets of Weight Loss. New York: Greystone Book. Safa, N. (2014) The Journey Out of Obesity. Publishing Platform. Montreal: Create Space Independent B. Authored Dated/Undated Website Article Bajoric, Z., Bevan, S. (nd) ‘Obesity and Work: Challenging Stigma and Discrimination’. Institute for Employment Studies.https://www.employmentstudies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/526.pdf. Accessed 27 February 2021. Dixon, J. (2010) ‘The Effect of Obesity on Health Outcomes’. Science Direct, Volume 316, Issue 2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0303720709003645. Accessed 25 February 2021. Jakicic, M. (2006).’Treatment and the Prevention of Obesity: The Role of Exercise’. Research Gate. ‘ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7245475_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Obe sity_What_is_the_Role_of_Exercise. Accessed 27 February 2021. Moores, D. (2020) ‘What is Obesity’. healthline.com/health/obesity. Accessed 2 March 2021. Healthline. https://www Paradis, A. (2009) ‘Associations between dietary patterns and phenotype’. International Journal of Obesity.https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo2009179#:~:text=In%20conclusion%2C% 20our%20findings%20suggest,of%20obesity%2C%20whereas%20the%20dietary. Accessed 1 March 2021. Puhl, R. (2010) ‘Stigma and Social Consequences of Obesity’. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227820258_Stigma_and_Social_Consequence s_of_Obesity. Accessed 26 February 2021. 21 Quezada, I. (2015) ‘Nutritional Adequacy of the Mediterranean Diet’. Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/dietarypattern#:~:text=A%20dietary%20pattern%20is%20defined,Through%20the%20Medit erranean%20Diet%2C%202018. Accessed 28 February 2021. Schmier, J. (2006). ‘Cost of Obesity in the Workplace’. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, volume 32, no. 1.https://www.jstor.org/stable/40967537?seq=1. Accessed 1 March 2021. Shield, M. and Tremblay, M. (2008) ‘Sedentary Behaviour and Obesity’. National Library of Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18642516/ Accessed 1 March 2021. Sicat, J. (2018) ‘Obesity and Genetics: Nature and Nurture’. Obesity Medicine Association. https://obesitymedicine.org/obesity-and-genetics/. Accessed 1 March 2021. Swinburn, B. (2004) ‘Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Excess Weight Gain and Obesity’. Public Health Nutrition. https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/public_health_nut3.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2021. Wareham, N. (2007) ‘Physical Activity and Obesity Prevention’. Online Library Wiley. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00328.x. Accessed 2 March 2021. Warmer, J. (2012) ‘Five Dietary Patterns Americans Fit into’. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20120313/5-dietary-patterns-most-americans-fit-into. Accessed 1 March 2021. Watson, L. and Britton, M. (2008) ‘The Impact of Obesity on the Social Participation of Older Adults’. The Journal of General Psychology, Volume 135. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/GENP.135.4.409424?journalCode=vgen2 0. Accessed 25 February 2021. C. An Anonymous Webpage ASMBS (nd) ‘The Impact of Obesity on your Body and https://asmbs.org/patients/impact-of-obesity. Accessed 25 February 2021. Health’. BMJ Journals (nd) Volume 3, Issue 6. ‘Sedentary Behaviors and Obesity in Adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finn’s Study’. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/6/e002901. Accessed 28 February 2021. Center for Disease and Control (nd) ‘Overweight and https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html. Accessed 2 March 2021. 22 Obesity’. Department of HealthAustralia (nd) ‘Sedentary Behaviour’. https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/sbehaviour#:energy %20expenditure. Accessed 1 March 2021. Harvard T. H. Chan, School of Medicine (nd) ‘What does it actually mean to be overweight or obese?’ https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-definition/ . Accessed 1 March 2021. Journal of Obesity and Eating Disorder (nd) ‘Obesity’ https://www.imedpub.com/scholarly/obesity-journals-articles-ppts-list.php. Accessed 2 March 2021. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences (nd) ‘Health Impacts of Obesity‘. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386197/ Accessed 26 February 2021. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. (2005) ‘Physical Activity Considerations and the Treatment and Prevention of Obesity’. https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/82/1/226S/4863395. Accessed 1 March 2021. World Health Organization (nd) ‘Obesity’ topics/obesity#tab=tab_1. Accessed 2 March 2021. https://www.who.int/health- World Health Organization- Europe (nd) ‘World Obesity Day: Understanding the Social Consequences of Obesity’.https://www.euro.who.int/en/healthtopics/noncommunicable-diseases/obesity/news/news/2017/10/world-obesity-dayunderstanding-the-social-consequences-of-obesity. Accessed 26 March 2021. 23 JUBAIL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ENGLISH SPECIALIZATION SEMESTER 422 PREPARED BY: WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER (TERM PAPER) DR. ERNESTO R. ADER, JR. HOW TO CHOOSE A TOPIC FOR A TERM PAPER IF YOU WANT READ EACH OF THESE STEPS, PLEASE GO THIS WEBSITE: PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER (TERM PAPER) I. PRELIMINARY PARTS A.Title Page B.Table of Contents C.Acknowledgment D.Abstract II. Introduction III. Method of Research IV. Body V. Conclusion VI. References General Guidelines- refer to the new sample term paper 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Size of bond paper- A4 Font style- Tahoma Font size for text- 12 Font size for the Title- 18-BOLD Font Size for the words- Contents, Acknowledgment, Abstract, Introduction, main headings, Conclusion, References- 16 sub-headings- 14 6. Spacing for the body text- double space 7. Number of pages- at least 15 pages, not exceeding 20 8. Pagination- bottom, centered, font size 12, Tahoma 9. Color- black 10.Number of sources- as many and as varied as you can 11.Border- use a border for all the pages- see sample term paper 12.Binder- transparent binder Title Page • Follow the parts and layout of the new sample research paper; photo or graphic is allowed Contents- must be centered, bold • Includes preliminaries, body, conclusion and references • Do not use parenthesis for the numbers ( e.g –(2) ) use this 2, 3, 4 etc. • Use small Roman numerals for acknowledgement and abstract (e.g. – i, ii,) Introduction- use Arabic Number I Body • Use Roman numerals for main Headings, bold – Do not use a colon after the main heading • For sub-headings –use one like this – 2.1, 2.2 etc. ; not bold • This is Roman Numeral II • bold, flushed to the left List of Illustration ( Figures and Tables) Acknowledgment • bold, flushed to the left • Spacing between Acknowledgment and the acknowledgment paragraph- 2 doublespacing Abstract • bold; flushed to the left • Move this at the middle of the page as it is very short (see sample) • Spacing between Abstract and the abstract paragraph- 2 double spacing Introduction • use Roman numeral I • bold, flushed to the left • Spacing between the word Introduction and the intro itself- 2 double spacing Body • Use with Roman Numeral III, IV etc. • Use 3.1, 3.2 etc. for sub- headings • You may use graphics/photos as long as they are appropriate • You may use graphs, tables etc. but give a title and a number for eachfor example, Figure 1, Table 1 etc. • Put the title and figure number below the graph or table Conclusion- use a Roman numeral for this, bold, flushed to the left • Spacing between the word Conclusion and the conclusion itself- 4 double spacing References- use a Roman numeral, bold, flushed to the left Acknowledgment- a paragraph where the writer expresses his gratitude to all the people who helped him in completing the research paper. • Start with the most important person • Mention what that person/s exactly contributed to the research paper • Style- maybe personal or literary Example: I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the people who contributed to the completion of this research paper. Without their valuable assistance, I would not have completed this research paper. Thanks to Dr. ____________ for having discussed the complete process in writing a term paper and for having patiently edited and proofread the term paper. Thanks also for his constant reminders and inspiration to finish this manuscript. I would like to thank also my friends who lent me their books. They are relevant sources for my research. Also, I would like to express my gratitude to my family_________________________… They have always motivated me to excel in my studies. To all others who helped me in one way or the other, Thank you! Abstract- a short summary of the main points of the research -it contains the following: • • • • Background of the research paper Aim and thesis of the research paper Method of research Findings of the research Example: ( Title – Work from Home: Benefits and Drawbacks) The Corona Virus pandemic still continues to affect all aspects of human life. The main goal of all governments and all people is to prevent the rapid spread of the virus. One protective measure is working from home, which prevents people from crowding in work places. This research paper analysed this work mode and enumerated its benefits and drawbacks. The researcher used library research to gather information and key ideas to complete the research. This work mode is found to be one of the best options to prevent the spread of the pandemic. Also, it has financial and other benefits but also has disadvantages to both employees and employer. Introduction structure There is no standard pattern for an introduction, since much depends on the type of research you are conducting and the length of your work, but a common framework is: a) Definition of key terms, if needed. b) Relevant background information. c) Review of work by other writers on the topic. d) Purpose or aim of the paper. e) Your research methods f) Any limitations you imposed. g) An outline of your paper YOU FOLLOW THIS ONE FOR YOUR TERM PAPER II. Method of Research This research paper uses the library method in gathering data or key ideas. The researcher used books, articles from the internet, researches or articles in journals which are also posted on the internet. The researcher gathered all relevant ideas from these sources and presented them in this study. (you may copy this) Writing the Body of the Research Paper • The body is the longest and the most important part of the research paper • It includes all the information which is covered by your study ( scope) • The key ideas and information come from different sources • It contains quotations, paraphrases and summaries of text from books, researches, journal articles, government documents, copied table and graphs- all with correct citation. SAMPLE OUTLINE FOR THE BODY OF THE TERM PAPER (TITLE : Work from Home: Benefits and Drawbacks) II. Work From Home 2.1 Definition 2.2 Key Elements 2.3 Reasons Why It is Needed III. Benefits of Work From Home 3.1 To Employees 3.2 To Employers IV. Drawbacks 4.1 To the Employees 4.2 To the Employer III. SAMPLE PART OF THE BODY OF THE TERM PAPER The title of the term paper- Work from Home: Benefits and Drawbacks II. Working From Home 2.1 Definition Working from Home also known as ‘telework” is ‘work that is performed from different locations (such as home) that enables workers to access to their labor activities by the use of information and communication technologies (Nilles, 1997; Perez et al., 2003: 14). Also, Sreemana Aital,(2015: 12) defines working from home “as people working from their home or from other location of their choice other than the working area with payment which is provided by the employer”. Working from home is defined as a work mode that may also encompass working in multiple satellite offices or other remote locations away from home. Telecommuters typically allocate their work time between an office and home (Golden, Veiga, & Simsek, 2006; Madsen, 2003; Nilles, 1994; Nuwer, 2016; Pratt, 1999). Working from home is also known by other names. It is also known as “telecommuting” or “telework” ( Messenger and Gshwind, 2016). It is also defined in various terms, remote work, flexible workplace, telework, telecommuting, and e-working ( Vyas, 2020). These terms refer to the ability of employees to work in flexible workplaces, especially at home, by using technology and execute work duties (Gajendran and Harrison 2007; Grant et al. 2019). Gajendran and Harrison (2007) described telecommuting as “an alternative work arrangement in which employees perform tasks elsewhere that are normally done in primary or central workplaces, for at least some portion of their work schedule, using electronic media to interact with others inside and outside the organization,” notably, they indicated that “elsewhere” refers to “home”. Examples of Citations Ideas of other authors- summary/paraphrase and quotations Smith (2009) argues that the popularity of the Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) is irrational, as despite their high cost most are never driven off-road. In his view ‘they are bad for road safety, the environment and road congestion’ (Smith,2009:37). Citation for a summary- Author’s family name, date of publication Citation for a quotation- Author’s family name, date of publication, page number References Smith, M. (2009) Power and the State. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. V. Conclusion -the conclusions are based on the findings in the body -the conclusions can be in a listing form or in a paragraph form Example: (The topic: Obesity: A Modern Menace ) Based on the findings which are presented in the body, the following conclusions are derived: a. Obesity can be genetic or can be due to a poor diet. b. Obesity can be prevented by following a strict diet recommended by doctors. c. Obesity affects aspects of human life and also a person’s self-esteem. Conclusion structure • Although there is no fixed pattern, a common structure for an essay conclusion is: a) Summary of main findings or results b) Link back to the original question to show it has been answered. c) Reference of the limitations of your work d) Suggestion for further possible related research. e) Comments on the implications of your research. Use this structure for your term paper REFERENCES – last part of the term paper – must follow the given system of referencing- Harvard -group the sources into: A.Books- arranged alphabetically, based on the last name of the author B.Articles from the web 1. authored undated website article- arranged alphabetically, based on the surname of the author 2. an anonymous webpage- arranged, based on the name of the publisher ( alphabetical ) A. Books (YOU CAN DOWNLOAD BOOKS YOU NEED IN PDF FORM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Last name of the author First letter of the first name of the author Year of publication Title of the book- in italics Place of publication Publisher Books- books by two authors; use et al for three or more authors A JOURNAL ARTICLE A BOOK BY ONE AUTHOR A CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK A BOOK BY TWO AUTHORS A JOURNAL ARTICLE B. Website articles AN AUTHORED UNDATED WEBSITE ARTICLE AN ANONYMOUS WEBPAGE POSSIBLE TOPICS/TITLES FOR THE TERM PAPER 1. OBESITY: Modern Menace among Teenagers 2. COVID 19: Its Effects on Student Learning 3. COVID 19: Its Impact on Business 4. COVID 19: Its Impact on Entertainment and Sports 5. COVID 19: Its Impact on Social Life 6. Doping In Sports 7. A New Work Mode: Work From Home 8. The Challenges and Opportunities in e-business 9. Global Warming: Its Impact on Animals 10. Deforestation: Its Effects On Animals 11.. Saving Endangered Species 12 A Closer Look at the Garbage Problem 13. The Dangers of Fad Diets 14. Diet For Athletes 15. Plastic Surgery Among Women 16. The Claws of Materialism 17. The World of Hacking 18. Violence in Movies: Its Effects on Children 19. Teenage Addiction: Online Games 20. Air Pollution in Industrial Cities 21. Animal Extinction: Causes and Effects 22. Wildlife Conservation 23. Technology: Its Impact on Education 24. Social Media: Its Effects on Teenagers 25. Kicking Smoking Habit 26. Latest Craze Among Saudi Teenagers 27. RAP Music- Its Evolution and Its Market 28. Unemployment in the Time of Pandemic 29. Status of Saudization Program 30 . China: Becoming an Economic Power 31. Same-sex Classroom: Better than Mixed Classroom? 32. Mixed Classrooms: Better than same-sex Classroom? 33. Technology: Widening the Gap Among Family Members 34. Opening of Cinemas in Saudi: A shift in Entertainment in Saudi 35. KETO Diet: Benefits and Drawbacks 1 36. GMOs : Dangerous? 37. Weight Loss Diets: A Look at their Effectiveness 38. Stress Among Teenagers: Causes and Prevention 39. Oil Spills and Clean- up Methods 40. Self- driving Vehicles: A Reality in the Near Future 41. Technology in the Classroom 42. Smartphones and Workplace Productivity 43.. Athletes as Role Models 44. Shorter Working Weeks: A Good Proposition? 45.Using Animals in Research Experiments 46. Should parents Monitor the Websites their Children Visit? 47. Homework: Should it be Abolished? 48 .Women In Extreme Sports 49. Equal Pay for Male and Female Athletes 50.. Cybersecurity: Can we truly Safe? 51. AI: Its Uses In Business 52 Ocean Pollution: Unseen Tragedies 53. A Productive Method: Multitasking 54. Happy Pill for Employees: Giving More Benefits 55. Vaccination Program In Saudi 56. Privacy in Social Media 57. Modernizing Education In Saudi Arabia 58.Paper Wastage and Saving Trees 59. Using Animals for Entertainment and Sports: Common Issues 60. Insomnia: Its Effects on Our Health 61. Electric Cars: A Reality in the Future 62. Going Vegan: A Healthy Choice? 63. THE INTERNET: Its effects to the youth 64. A closer Look at Alternative Medicine 65. Men and Women: Their Communication Styles 66. Online Social Media and Their Influence 67.Franchising in B

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