Read chapters 45 and 47 in the textbook and answer the following questions using the textbook and at least one other reputable source. APA format. One source from each case study must be from the corresponding chapter in the textbook. Type questions and answers only. Explain each answer thoroughly, in detail with at least 1 to 2 paragraphs each.
CASE STUDY ASSIGNMENT CHAPTER 45
The patient is a 42-year-old male in overall good health who has been complaining about an aching pain in his knees when working around the house and often when simply walking. He has noticed that his knees feel “hard” and “tight.” His history indicates that he has always been involved in athletics and was on the college football team, but recently family responsibility and work have not made it easy for him to exercise.
Explain the composition of the bone and its unique qualities. Relate the patient’s case history to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Throughly discuss the bones’ response to injury, stress, and aging.
How do anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics help the patient deal with this form of arthritis? Why might the nurse practitioner recommend moderate, non-weight bearing exercises for this patient?
Will the nurse practitioner recommend arthroscopic surgery? What other treatment options does this patient have? What is the probable prognosis for the patient?
Case Study Assignment: Chapter 45
Question 1
The bone is an organ that constitutes the skeleton in vertebrates, including human beings. The bone comprises cells such as osteocytes and osteoblasts. It has a matrix that comprises collagen and bone mineral. The bone tissue has cancellous and cortical bone, bone marrow, nerves, blood vessels, endosteum, and periosteum. The bone has unique features such as elasticity, resistance, and rigidity. Athletes are increasingly predisposed to osteoarthritis since intense physical activities they engage cause joint overload and increased risk of injuries due to sports that accelerate the development of the disorder. Aging is associated with reduced rates of bone formation and loss of mass. Stress increases the production of reactive oxygen species, which alter the bone formation and increase bone loss processes(Lattermann et al., 2021). Bone injury results in increased mechanical loading where there is elevated interstitial blood flow in the bone, activated osteocyte function, and decreased bone resorption.
Question 2
Anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis. The drugs such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which is a prostaglandin generating enzyme. They also improve hemostatic functions such as platelet aggregation and maintenance of renal blood flow. The nurse might recommend moderate, non-weight bearing exercises for the patient to maintain optimum joint function (Lattermann et al., 2021).
Question 3
The nurse will not recommend arthroscopic surgery at this time. The use of alternative therapies has not been explored to determine their efficacy in symptom management. Besides arthroscopic surgery, the available treatment alternatives include the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acupuncture, analgesics, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Joint replacement, bone realignment, injection of lubricants and cortisone may also be considered(McCance & Huether, 2018). The prognosis for the client is good since the disease is in its early stages.
References
Lattermann, C., Madry, H., Nakamura, N., & Kon, E. (2021). Early Osteoarthritis: State-of-the-Art Approaches to Diagnosis, Treatment and Controversies. Springer Nature.
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology Online for Pathophysiology (Access Code and Textbook Package): The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier – Health Sciences Division.